Cross Culture Management Exam Questions with Answers

Chapter 1 Q. 1. please, provide TWO examples which show that people around the world are still very different from each other, despite advances in technology and transportation. 1. In England children need to wear uniforms at school, but in Latvian schools nobody wears them. 2. Black schools and white schools still exist, as well as schools on religion Q. 2. Please give ONE example that shows that management is not the same everywhere around the world. 1. In China for example, business ppl don’t like to sign papers, they are more open for mutual trust, if u want to sign paper with them, they will think that u don’t trust them, but In Eu or Usa everything must be signed and written down to ensure that there won’t be any problems. Q. 3. Please explain why some Chinese negotiators among themselves refer to their western counterparts as harmless barbarians. Chinese ppl evaluate only their own culture, and because of the culture differences towards theirs aren’t the same, they criticise western culture. If u want to do business with Chinese then u will need to understand them, they won’t do anything. ) Q. 4. Please explain the 4 quadrants of the Johari window in your own words. Q. 5. ONE advantage and ONE disadvantage of having stereotypes Advantage: Help process new information by comparing it with past experience and knowledge. Disadvantage: It blocks our mental ‘’file’’ we ma ke our mindless open for other knowledge or information. Therefore we think things about people that might not be true Chapter 2 Q. 1. More important than observing behaviour is understanding the meaning of that behaviour. Please explain this statement and provide two examples. Observing behaviour is not enough. What is important is the meaning of that behaviour. This distinction is important as the same behaviour can have different meanings and different behaviours can have the same meaning. Example: Eye contact in Western culture means showing trust and honesty whereas in Asia it is a sign of disrespect and aggression. Example: In Usa showing OK sign with fingers means – approving smth, but in Brazil it means – literally â€Å"screw you† Q. 2. Please, explain the three layers of this model and give an example of each layer 1. Artefacts and behaviour – by observing (greeting rituals, dress code, use of titles of first and last name) 2. Beliefs and values (the way things are) – by interviews and surveys (getting know the meaning of behaviour) 3. Assumptions (space, language, time) – Interference and interpretation (distance between people as expressed in greeting rituals and ways of interacting) Q. 3. Please, choose a cultural artefact and explain its underlying belief/values. Dress code – For every culture there is different meaning in business dress codes: 1. USA – rolled up sleeves are considered a signal of getting down to business 2. Germany – Always wearing casual form even if it’s really hot – showing that they are here to work 3. French – reluctant to remove ties and jackets – because it’s official meeting Q. 4. Saying that our colleagues are late to a meeting because they are Latin misses the point. Please explain why. For example: is time seen as past/present or future assumption or monochromic / polychromic in Latin. Thus we need to better understand the behaviour observed to appreciate each other. Chapter 3 Q. 1. Please explain the 5 dimensions of Hofstede Q. 3. Space: Public (group oriented) vs. Private (more task-cantered); Time orientation: Past, Present, Future; Action: doing vs. being; Time focus: monochromic vs. polychromic; Communication: high-context vs. low context. Q. 4. 3 characteristics of high context communication and 3 characteristics of low context communication. High: other things have to be considered ( listener has to read between the line when listening to a person or reading sth. 1. Reading â€Å"between the lines† 2. Influenced by closeness of human relationships 3. Not everything is explicitly stated Low: Explicit orders given by person, listener doesn’t have to listen or read between the lines. 1. Meanings are explicitly stated in text. 2. Direct and linear communication. 3. Based on feelings CH 5. Q. 1. Please, explain the differences between the rational analytic approach and the subjective approach. Which approach do you prefer and why? I prefer rational analytic approach, because it’s more based on facts and figures, since it is more important when making decisions. Q. 2. Please describe 3 characteristics of each strategy. 1. Controlling model is more objective, more specific and low context. . Adapting model – more flexible, more qualitative, information gathered from personal sources like friends and colleagues. Q. 3. Please, provide 3 concrete examples of cultural differences you might have to deal with in a merger process. 1. Americans working with Japanese ppl; 2. The meaning of behaviour; (Brazilians and American s) 3. Q. 4. In what ways may differences in national culture hinder or facilitate internationalization efforts (page 139 – 141)? Notion of culture distance explains it as the greater the difference in home versus host country culture, the greater potential difficulties. Chapter 7 Q. 1. Which four cross cultural competences for managing differences abroad can be distinguished? Explain each competence in a few lines 1. Awareness of one’s cultural worldview 2. Attitude towards cultural differences 3. Knowledge of different cultural practices and worldviews 4. Cross-cultural skills Q. 3. Please, explain the different phases of a culture shock. 1. An initial stage of elation and optimism (the honeymoon) 2. A period of irritability, frustration, and confusion (the morning after) 3. And then a gradual adjustment to the new environment (happily ever after) Ch. 8 Mention ONE disadvantage and TWO disadvantages of a multicultural team. Do they tend to perform much better or worse than monoculture teams? Please explain your answer. Disadvantages: greater potential for frustration and dissatisfaction; richness of the diversity make interpersonal conflict and communication problems; different cultural assumptions. Advantages: contribute to new ways of looking at old problems, creating the opportunity for greater creativity and innovation The problem is ‘how to get settled’ or how to arrive at a common ground. Diverse groups have to confront differences in attitudes, values, behavior, experience, background, expectations, and even language. The ocean metaphor is used in the book several times. How can you link each level of the ocean metaphor to the strategies for managing tasks? Artifacts (level 1) such as the use of titles of first and last name, the presence and form of agenda, amount of social vs. task orientated. The beliefs and values (level 2) are indicated in discussions regarding the roles of the leader (hierarchy) and the structure of meetings. The underlying assumption (level 3) has to do with the use of power, individualism.

Solution for Air Pollution - 1088 Words

2 March, 2008 The Solution for Air Pollution Society as a whole faces many environmental problems, and as a result, environmental awareness tends to be a pressing issue. Every day, people recycle cans, glass bottles, and newspapers. Many people buy bottled water, or own filters for their tap water, as a health precaution from the pollutants in normal everyday drinking water. Air pollution is perhaps the biggest environmental issue the Earth is facing. Automobiles are responsible for a notable amount of the air pollution problem. Of course, on the other hand so are factories. If the fight against air pollution were to be taken to a higher level, putting pressure on factories that produce air pollution will have a greater effect†¦show more content†¦There are many practical, cost-effective measures that can be taken to reduce the emissions of air pollutants, including the adoption of energy conservation measures and switching to natural gas. Many existing Clean Air Act programs, such as the acid rain program, and the gro und-level ozone smog programs, if properly implemented, will do much to reduce the concentration of fine particles by controlling the pollutants. These give a hopeful outlook that the air pollution problem can cease to exist in the severe form that it now does, and with the support of not only governmental agencies and non-profit organizations, but also the help of everyday citizens, the problem can be overcome in no time. The air that people breathe everyday is critical to the very existence of not only civilization, but also the entire Earth; therefore, taking care of it should be a priority to everyone that inhabits it. A commitment needs to be made by all. It is not necessary for everyone to be radical protesters against factories and automobile manufacturers, but if everyone were to get involved, even in the slightest way, such as carpooling to work, the air that is inhaled by all as a matter of survival would be increasingly cleaner. The air pollution created by these factories is dangerous to the environment and to the health of people everywhere. â€Å"Industrial air pollution isShow MoreRelatedAir Pollution: Is Their a Solution Essay1794 Words   |  8 PagesAir Pollution Is Their Solution By Theresa Yeannakis SCI/275 Andra Johnson Sunday, April 18, 2010 When did we first experience air pollutions? Could it have been in the A.D era when cave people built small fires to survive? Or has it become an issue since the early 80`s. No one will be able to specifically say but what we can attest to is that since the A.D era we have contributed several times over to Air Pollution. We risk breathing in dangerous chemicals every time we breathe. 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In the article â€Å"Air Pollution Fatalities Now Exceed Traffic Fatalities by 3 to 1†, Bernie Roberts (2002) says that 70,000 people die each year from the effects of air pollution. This outrageous number of people dyingRead MoreThe World Is Always Full Of Problems. Some Are More Important1298 Words   |  6 Pagesproblems the world has to face is air pollution. Air pollution is a mixture of solid particles and gases in the air. Car emissions, chemicals from factories, dust, pollen, and mold spores are often suspended as particles. Since some air pollutants are poisonous, inhaling them can cause a risk to health issues such as heart and lung disease. Also, according to the World Health Origination, it states that â€Å"WHO estimates that in 2012, some 72% of ou tdoor air pollution-related premature deaths were dueRead MoreLowering The Risks Of The Hajj1413 Words   |  6 Pages Running Head: SOLUTIONS TO LOWERING THE RISKS OF THE HAJJ’S #1 ISSUE Solutions to Lowering the Risks of the Hajj’s #1 Issue Alghafees Ebraheem University of San Francisco Solutions to Lowering the Risks of the Hajj’s #1 Issue Air pollution greatly impacts the Hajj. According to Homeland Security News Wire (2014), this great risk is due to the population (3-4 million people) that experiences the 5-day journey and it is also due to the effects that Mecca has before the Hajj (p. 1). And according toRead MoreThe Effects Of Air Pollution990 Words   |  4 PagesAir pollution should be addressed more seriously, because it is the deadliest of pollutions killing millions of per year around the world. 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Analysis Of The Film Nausicaa Of The Valley The Wind

Draft: The issue of environment is a popular topic which is used commercially in film and movie. Those environmentalism films bring the message to the audience to take action for environment s sake. Many of them usually portrait the picture of environment disaster which destroys humanity and people who suffering to survive natural catastrophe. Two of the movie that contains that idea are 2012(Emmerich,2009) of Columbia Picture which is directed by Roland Emmerich and Studio Ghibli s animated film Nausicaa of the valley of the wind(Mizayaki,1984) directed by Hayao Mizayaki. The use of the language of moving image in those movies is different for one is animation and the other one is live action and the difference in mise en scene, cinematography, etc. but both of them represent the same theme and idea about the environment. This essay will examine how the two of the film differently use the language of moving image to show the impact of nature disaster to human and how they position audience to experience the issue of the film via language of moving image. In Nausicaa of the valley of the wind, the time in the story is set in a dystopian timeline when humanity struggle of living in bad environment between vast toxic jungles that are enveloping the land which is full of deathly insect. Some remaining kingdoms are in the war with the jungle and each other. In the middle of the war, there is a flourishing small kingdom called the Valley of the wind that is peaceful,Show MoreRelatedThe Empowerment of Japanese Women, through Strong Female Characters of Anime Film2337 Words   |  10 Pagesempowered? The paper will demonstrate that the empowerment of Japanese women shifted the representation of them within the medium of anime films, during the late twentieth century. Specifically, it will analyze the female characters of Ghost in Shell, Princess Mononoke, Naussicaa of the Valley of the Wind, and Patlabor. The reasoning behind these chosen films is that they each have a strong female character that have many differences and similarities, whe n one compares them to each other. Also,

Things You Should Know About The Lovely Bones Essay Topics

Things You Should Know About The Lovely Bones Essay Topics The Debate Over the Lovely Bones Essay Topics It's being distributed by none aside from the family of Mr. Green. Susie Salmon, the major character is utilized inside this instance. There was no wine for those grown-ups. It isn't a person necessarilyit is only a voice that knows all that is happening in the characters' lives. What the Lovely Bones Essay Topics Is - and What it Is Not It is not long before she starts to feel her own isolation and she's trapped in the ideal world'. Proteins created by the liver and sent into the bloodstream are an important part of the practice. How much time does it take to compose a dissertation. A few of the tasks which were associated with long distance travel 2,700 decades ago are too hard for a mere fifteen year-old to achieve in solitude. The increasing number of essay writing services is totally overwhelming. The procedure for replacing old bone with new bone is called remodeling. Though there are problems still to be solved, the procedure is gradually getting more feasible. There's a great deal of positive facets of this film, it is not something I wished to shield our daughter from. The end result is a film which is both satisfying and engaging. It iimpianto almost not possible to think of modern-day life without science. The attractiveness of social media is that the majority of it is free of charge. Though it can be good to ban it from certain schools, others should have the ability to acquire and relish this novel. Everything appears natural and lovely, partly because the director is, in addition, the writer of the novel. Nonetheless, the movie appears almost scared to take care of its source directly. Discuss the way the author's own background is reflected inside this story. The cinematography is merely ineffable, particularly during the intimate scenes. Some scenes are a bit bit disturbing, and others are depressing, which is the reason why it isn't good for younger readers. It deserves all of the praise on earth for a gorgeous story and some authentic performances from everyone. The Hidden Truth About the Lovely Bones Essay Topics It is not just on the excellent things in life. Now, things are most likely too late. The way they are now is a consequence of the things that happened in the past. It means lots of things. Chicken proved to be a fantastic treat anyway. The ideal tasting food has just the correct number of ingredients, so the best stories should also comply with the exact same recipe. What You Should Do to Find Out About the Lovely Bones Essay Topics Before You're Left Behind If you can discover the moment. Not a moment to be delayed. All these dates prove significant. It's alleged to be among the most haunted buildings in the united kingdom. Whatever the situation, the project becomes stuck at 90% done. Attempt to become involved in tree planting in your neighborhood conservation program. The buds are beginning to open on the trees. Excellent job my nose was on the interior of the glass! A bottle of the best whisky sat on a single end of the top shelf. The quetzal is all about the size of a pigeon. the Lovely Bones Essay Topics Explained Just like many species, it's the males that are resplendent, while the females are a little dowdy. The female quetzals are much less conspicuous than males. Nevertheless, women are much more likely to experience domestic violence. There's been extensive consideration of the various roles played by women and men in the commission of crime. This pattern appears to hold true all around the world. The colour white may in reality be a result of a paranormal phenomena called ecto-mist. There have been a lot of depictions of the kappa's appearance, that range from monkey-like to getting a beak and turtle-like shell!

Death of Loved One free essay sample

Even an author of Dynamics of Grief: Its Source, Pain, and Healing said that While the pain of your loss is real and must be felt, there will come a time when you must begin to live your own life again and accepting the death as a reality (Switzer, 1970) First, you need to face the loss because if you keep ignoring the pain, it will bring harm to you. It can be easy to sedate yourself with distractions such as alcohol, oversleeping, and any others habit that threatens your well being and this will leave you to addiction and confusion. You will never truly heal until you confront the loss and what it means to you personally. So, you need to allow yourself some time to hurt deeply but dont allow yourself to get stuck there. Also if you not face the loss, it will bring more serious problems later, including depression, trauma and addictions. We will write a custom essay sample on Death of Loved One or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page Even if you are hurting, you also need to start working out how to cope and find resilient pathways through your pain and loss. One of the best ways is by accepting that God loved him or her more. Albom (1997) stated that â€Å"If you hold back on the emotions -if you dont allow yourself to go all the way through them -you can never get to being detached, youre too busy being afraid. Youre afraid of the pain, youre afraid of the grief. Youre afraid of the vulnerability that loving entails. But by throwing yourself into these emotions, by allowing yourself to dive in, all the way, over your heard even, you experience them fully and completely (p. 37). Second, you can share your feeling with others such as your best friend, your close relatives or counselor. You are suffering and it is okay to seek out people who will take care of you. I have an experience in losing the one I loved which my younger brother. For a month, I grieve and blaming myself because I wasnt there during his last breathe and I unable to seek a forgiveness and forgive. My parents fight all the time because we all cannot accept that he is already gone forever. I also dont want to go home because it will remind me of the memories with him. I keep all the emotions inside; shock, sadness, guilt, anger, and fear. But, thank God, I got this friend that understands me more than myself. She knows that even Im looked happy outside but Im suffered inside. She make talked and cried to let out all the pain that I keep inside. She makes me accept that God loved my brother more, so He takes him to live with Him in heaven. She always beside me to supported and listened. Now I can accept what happened rationally. Im living with the memories of him and I believe one day I will follow him there. My point here is, you need to talk as a sorting action, in that it doesnt need to be coherent or reasoned, it just need to be expressive of whatever need to come up and out of you. Talk to someone you trust in order to allowing yourself the space to think out loud and dumping out some of the pain you are experiencing. Keeping your feeling inside also carries enormous risk because there will come a point where you cant even understand the real feelings to yourself. Other than that, you can distract yourself by getting busy and occupying in tasks that require a different focus. You give yourself a break from constantly ruminating over the loss because too many thoughts going around your head. While work or studies can provide some relief from the constant thoughts about loss, do not simply rely on your routine to distract yourself or you risk feeling that there is only work and sorrow and nothing in between. Help yourself with happier pursuits by doing something that gives you peace. There are all sorts of possibilities such as gardening, cooking, fishing, listening to your favorite music, writing and so on. Choose whatever calms you and gives you a sense of joyful achievement. By distracting yourself, that also gives you the space to realize that there are good things about your world still and life does go on. Perhaps involve yourself with social work. When you involve yourself with other peoples lives, you gain many insights on how to cope better. Consider volunteering as one possibility. If you like children, helping with young children who display lots of spontaneity and laughter may serve to soothe you. Mitch Albom (1997) said that Lost love is still love. It takes a different form, thats all. You cant see their smile or bring them food or tousle their hair or move them around a dance floor. But when those senses weaken another heightens. Memory becomes your partner. You nurture it. You hold it. You dance with it Grief works in its own unique cycles, and it varies from person to person. Not everyone will heal right away, and then again, not everyone will be morbidly upset either. Remember that every person feels differently. Dont be worried if you find you are having a harder time healing than another, even over the same loss. This usually shows how close you and the loved one really were. Death ends a life, not a relationship† (Albom, 1997). REFERENCES 1. Switzer, David K. (1970). The Dynamics of Grief: Its Source, Pain, and Healing. Dallas, Texas: Abingdon Pr. Publishing. 2. Albom, M. (1997). Tuesdays With Morrie. United States: Random House Publishing. 3. Albom, M. (n. d. ). goodreads. com. Retrieved May 26, 2013, from goodreads. com Web site: http://www. goodreads. com/author/quotes/2331. Mitch_Albom

The Evolution Of The Microprocessor Essays - Microprocessors

The Evolution of the Microprocessor Only once in a lifetime will a new invention come about to touch every aspect of our lives. Such a device that changes the way we work, live, and play is a special one, indeed. The Microprocessor has been around since 1971 years, but in the last few years it has changed the American calculators to video games and computers (Givone 1). Many microprocessors have been manufactured for all sorts of products; some have succeeded and some have not. This paper will discuss the evolution and history of the most prominent 16 and 32 bit microprocessors in the microcomputer and how they are similar to and different from each other. Because microprocessors are a subject that most people cannot relate to and do not know much about, this paragraph will introduce some of the terms that will be in- volved in the subsequent paragraphs. Throughout the paper the 16-bit and 32-bit mi- croprocessors are compared and contrasted. The number 16 in the 16-bit microproces- sor refers how many registers there are or how much storage is available for the mi- croprocessor (Aumiaux, 3). The microprocessor has a memory address such as A16, and at this address the specific commands to the microprocessor are stored in the memory of the computer (Aumiaux, 3). So with the 16-bit microprocessor there are 576 places to store data. With the 32-bit microprocessor there are twice as many places to store data making the microprocessor faster. Another common term which is mentioned frequently in the paper is the oscil- lator or the time at which the processors ?clock? ticks. The oscillator is the pace maker for the microprocessor which tells what frequency the microprocessor can proc- ess information, this value is measured in Mega-hertz or MHz. A nanosecond is a measurement of time in a processor, or a billionth of a second. This is used to measure the time it takes for the computer to execute an instructions, other wise knows as a cy- cle. There are many different types of companies of which all have their own family of processors. Since the individual processors in the families were developed over a fairly long period of time, it is hard to distinguish which processors were introduced in order. This paper will mention the families of processors in no particular order. The first microprocessor that will be discussed is the family of microprocessors called the 9900 series manufactured by Texas Instruments during the mid-70s and was developed from the architecture of the 900 minicomputer series (Titus, 178). There were five dif- ferent actual microprocessors that were designed in this family, they were the TMS9900, TMS9980A, TMS9981, TMS9985, and the TMS9940. The TMS9900 was the first of these microprocessors so the next four of the microprocessors where simply variations of the TMS9900 (Titus, 178). The 9900 series microprocessors runs with 64K memory and besides the fact that the 9900 is a 16-bit microprocessor, only 15 of the address memory circuits are in use (Titus, 179). The 16th address is used for the computer to distinguish between word and data functions (Titus, 179. The 9900 series microprocessors runs from 300 nanoseconds to 500 ns from 2MHz to 3.3MHz and even some variations of the original microprocessor where made to go up to 4MHz (Avtar, 115). The next microprocessor that will be discussed is the LSI-11 which was pro- duced from the structural plans of the PDP-11 minicomputer family. There are three microprocessors in the LSI-11 family they are the LSI-11, LSI-11/2, and the much im- proved over the others is the LSI-11/32 (Titus, 131). The big difference between the LSI-11 family of microprocessors and other similar microprocessors of its kind is they have the instruction codes of a microcomputer but since the LSI-11 microprocessor originated from the PDP-11 family it is a multi-microprocessor (Avtar, 207). The fact that the LSI-11 microprocessor is a multi-microprocessor means that many other mi- croprocessors are used in conjunction with the LSI-11 to function properly (Avtar, 207). The LSI-11 microprocessor has a direct processing speed of 16-bit word and 7- bit data, however the improved LSI-11/22 can directly process 64-bit data (Titus, 131). The average time that the LSI-11 and

Vegetarianism and Environment Essay Sample

Vegetarianism and Environment Essay Sample Vegetarianism and Environment Essay Example Vegetarianism and Environment Essay Example A vegetarian can be described as someone who does not eat meat, fish or any other animal products in most cases, because of religious, moral or health reasons. Over time, vegetarians have been looked down upon in the society with few ready willing to take the path to being a vegetarian. However, this has changed with time with people getting to know the benefits that come with being a vegetarian. This has led to a high number of people being vegetarians. Although scientists have not yet established clear explanations of how animal products, especially red meat, lead to some health complications among people, the relation between the two cannot be underestimated. Current paper seeks to discuss the benefits that come with one being a vegetarian and look at why people should strive to adopt this kind of lifestyle for the benefit of their health. The paper further proposes healthy tips that people should adopt as an alternative to animal products. Benefits of Vegetarianism One aspect of biomedical research that needs to be first acknowledged is the role the field has played in changing people’s attitude towards vegetarianism. Medical research on the benefits of vegetarianism has led to people realizing that indeed vegetarianism can play a key role in preventing some chronic diseases such as gout (Greeley, 2009). The common belief that a scientific research carried on the effects of red meat gets carried by a small proportion of scientists holds no water. Despite the relatively small ratio of these researches, their outcomes all point to a common conclusion, which is the need for people to adopt vegetarianism. Red meat can be described as one of the most controversial goods in the history of human nutrition. Despite the fact that human beings have been taking it over the cause of time, many people believe that it can indeed cause harm to human beings. Scientific research has discovered a trend in that people who take less red meat in their diet are less likely to develop lifestyle diseases such as gout (Greeley, 2009). Despite there not being a conclusive explanation to the above observation trend, the observation calls people to adapt to this trend. After all, people stand to lose nothing by taking less of meat in their diets. As earlier pointed, people choose to become vegetarians for several factors. Among these factors are the apprehension for exceptional wellbeing and the surroundings as well as financial and humankind starvation concerns. Other people may choose to adopt vegetarianism, because of a personal love for animals as well as a belief in being non-violent to these animals (Hobbs Jacobson, 2010). However, the outstanding factor that should lead people to being vegetarians is the advantages attributed with the lifestyle. It is equally worth noting that people may be converted into being vegetarians for one factor, but later on identifies some other factors, as well. Vegetarian nutrition is more prevalent among young people with eating complications than in the broad population. Conventionally, study of vegetarianism pointed mainly on latent dietary deficiencies, but in recent years, the pendulum has gone the other approach, and studies are confirming the health advantages of eating diets free from meat (Towns Towns, 2001). Nowadays, food derived from plants gets recognized as not only nutritionally satisfactory, but also as an approach to minimize the risk for most chronic diseases. In July 2009, the American Dietetic Association came up with a position paper, concluding that properly premeditated vegan diets, together with total vegetarian or vegan diets, are nourishing, nutritionally satisfactory, and may supply health reimbursement in the deterrence and handling of certain diseases (Hobbs Jacobson, 2010). Human beings tend to regard with high esteem animal products. Indeed, in some contexts, taking too much of these products gets regarded as being ‘classy’. This should not, however, be the case. Human beings should apprehend that it is their role to protect their health from any nutrition that may put it at risk (Horsman Flowers, 2007). However, this should not be taken to mean that human beings seize to take these products completely. Some of the animal products, especially white meat from fish and poultry meat, have a wide range of benefits to human beings. Livestock rearing, according to most vegetarians, has a negative effect on this planet. A vegan suppose that producing foodstuff through mammal farming is unproductive because animal feed production takes up a lot of terrain, manure, water, and other capital. This capital could be rechanneled to providing food for human beings. In the quest for higher yields, most vegans suppose that livestock rearing is accelerating topsoil erosion; reducing its output for the crop growing of crops. A great deal of wasteland gets rehabilitated to grazing and farm land because of this (Horsman Flowers, 2007). A significant amount of contamination in groundwater and rivers comes from animal desecrate from enormous feedlots and plant farms. This further leads to more harm than good to humankind. Eating animal fats and proteins can be indicated in several researches to increase a persons risk of developing a number of diseases such as cancer, diabetes, heart diseases, as well as rheumatoid arthritis. The fat composition of cow’s milk cannot be compared to human milk. According to most vegetarians, human beings should not be destined to take cow’s milk, but rather their own milk. Men with early signs of prostate cancer should take fast initiatives to change their diet. This can help terminate or in some case reverse the advancement of their illness (Melina Davis, 2003). While this may not adequately reverse their health conditions, it can be of high importance in helping such people lead a healthier life and increase the prospect of them living with the disease for a longer time. Another U.S. research involving 500,000 people identified that people who took red meat as well as other processed animal products died more prematurely than other people. A document taken from Food Technology in October 2012 discusses that plant-based diets either reduce or completely do away with peoples genetic tendency to mounting chronic diseases, such as diabetes type 2, cardiovascular disease, and cancer (Towns Towns, 2001). Whole grains, vegetables, fruits, and legumes hold no cholesterol and are low in fat, particularly inundated fats. Equally, these products provide a lot of fibers and other nutrients. Vegans propose that people should take plant based foods that contain high levels of proteins instead of taking animal products. In the United States, an estimated 26 million animals get slaughtered every year to cater for the demand for animal products. Out of this number, 65% provide red meat to the market. Using the above data, it can be observed that most of these animals pose a threat of promoting the above discussed diseases. While these figures may seem to boost the agricultural sector in the United States, the impact it has on the health of American citizens cannot be underestimated (Towns Towns, 2001). This can be attributed as one of the reasons for the increasing number of lifestyle related diseases among people even in their youth. The trend is unlike what got experienced over the past where such diseases got only associated with the elderly. Another study in the United States indicated that six to eight million grownups do not take meat of other related animal products. According to data released by Vegetarian Resource Group, millions of people are elimination red meat from their diet each year in the US. This trend has been a result of a worldwide campaign by healthcare professionals on the need for people to take less and less of these products. One factor that scientists believe leads to the health risks associated with taking meat is that most of the animals from where these products get obtained get chemically raised with an aim to increasing the rate of their growth. Chemicals get used in these animals. These chemicals, which most remain in the animals’ bodies, in some other forms, get transmitted to human beings when they take these products. As Marc Bekoff, a professor at the University of Colorado puts it, â€Å"some people say without hesitation that they love animal products and then deliberately lack to look at the effects of these products on their health. I am just glad that I do not love these products†. Marc’s statement illustrates the hypocrisy with which human beings treat animal products. While most people will claim that they love animal products, few are willing to look at the effect of these animal products on their health. This love cannot be taken to have good intentions on their health. One argument that can be put forward to address this issue is the prospect of using the already available knowledge in science to develop less hazardous animal products. Science has come of age, and scientific breakthroughs got made over this time. Why not use this knowledge to work on new breakthroughs instead of subjecting people t a life without animal products? Would not this approach provide equal, if not better, results than boycotting taking animal products completely? Scientists need to work on the viability of the idea posed by these two questions. Scientific research on animal products has at times indicated that these products can lead to spread of diseases from animals to human beings. In some cases, tests done on animal products fail to indicate infections in these animals at their early stages. In a research carried out by scientists, it got established that continued use of a drug on an animal can lead to the animal developing a resistance to the disease (Nodine, 2009). When people take meat from such an animal, the disease is likely to be passed in a new model to human beings. Many scientists can associate diabetes II with the above finding. Animal studies on the benefits of taking meat in one’s diet in most cases can be flawed by design. A group of scholars from the Vanderbilt University Medical Center described these studies as having many problems related to the design and logistics followed. â€Å"The design of studies on animal products involuntarily reins many variables that can mystify human health† (Tessmer, 2010). These researchers argued that human health disorders resemble those of animals but are rarely identical. However, as long as these disorders are not identical, the level of success of these studies will never be guaranteed. The main challenge that health professionals face when trying to explain why red meat is dangerous to human health is the traditional notion, which people get always encouraged to take more of proteins in order to retain their healthy status (Duyff ADA, 2006). People, however, need to realize that this has changed with time and what was once an advisable idea has turn to be hazardous for human health. This calls for people to change their perceptive towards animal products as the only way to meet protein needs in their bodies. They should seek to adopt plant based food that supply humans with proteins. This happens because animal products, especially, red meat poses a great threat to human health in regard to lifestyle diseases. One way that health professionals propose that can help reduce the effect of red meat on people’s health is ensuring that this meat gets adequately cooked. Red meat has been known to transmit worms to human beings when not properly cooked. This is because this meat requires to be cooked at high steam levels for these worms to die. However, most people do not seem to prefer this approach since it makes the meat less ‘tasty’ (Duyff ADA, 2006). As most health professionals would suggest, one cannot eat their cake and still expect to remain with it. In order to address lifestyle disease associated with red meat, people have to be bold enough to appreciate that red meat does not always have health benefits. Consumption of animal products has raised debate over their impact on human health. Health professionals can be seen to recommend that people take less and less of these products while adopting more grains to their diets. Although there has been little proven explanation that has identified the cause of lifestyle diseases to consumption of animal products especially red meat, research has established a relation between the two. Most lifestyle diseases have been established to be related with consumption of these products. In order to reverse this trend, people should consider adopting vegetarianism. Although some critics argue that there are not clear established benefits of being a vegetarian, the lifestyle can indeed help one avoid some of the health disorders associated with animal products. This may prove a great step towards addressing the issue of lifestyle disorders among people. Vegetarianism and the Environment Dietary intake in the world is rapidly changing and most people prefer being vegetarian rather than non-vegetarian. The topic has become increasingly influential within the recent decade, largely due to corresponding scientific research in developed countries. Many scientists, bloggers and scholars have frequently argued on this matter. Some believe that vegetarianism is the best way to save the environment. Those who support vegetarianism argue that the production of animal products causes severe pollution and land degradation. On the other hand, scholars who do not support vegetarianism argue that the production of crops requires the use of chemicals such insecticides, herbicides and fertilizers that cause environmental pollution. Current paper provides an annotated bibliography analysis of eight different sources stating whether being a vegetarian helps the environment in any way. The paper analyzes the sources by providing a summary, assessment on whether the source is useful on this topic and a reflection. Human demand for a healthy diet is the main reason of becoming a vegetarian; vegetarian’s diet impacts the environment positively when compared to meat-based diet. Marlow, Harold J., William K. Hayes, Samuel Soret, Ronals R. Carter, Ernest R. Schwab, and Joan Sabate, Diet and the Environment: Does What You Eat Matter? The American Journal of Clinical Nutrition 89.5 (2009): 1699S-1703S. The journal provides an analysis of whether being a vegetarian or non-vegetarian affects the environment. The objective of the study was to compare the environmental impacts of non-vegetarian and vegetarian diets in California. The study was performed by analyzing the level of toxicity produced in the process of manufacturing of both plants and animal products. The outcomes of the study demonstrate that the amount of inputs required in producing non-vegetarian foods were higher that inputs used in producing vegetarian foods. In a deeper analysis, non-vegetarian foods require three times more water than vegetarian foods, thirteen times more manure, two and a half times more energy and one and a half times more pesticides. Marlo et al. (1699) analyze the effects of modern technologies in food production and how it affects the environment. Advancement in mechanization, crop pests control and irrigation has increased the level of environmental pollution. The study indicated that animal p roduction waste in the United States is one hundred and thirty times greater than that of people. If such waste is not treated properly it releases high concentrations of potassium, phosphorous and nitrogen compounds into the environment. The journal is quite useful in this topic as it offers a detailed analysis of both the impacts of being vegetarian and non-vegetarian on the environment. The journal has used reliable sources that include California state agricultural statistics and product production data. The journal obtained its results from both secondary and primary sources. Primary sources provide firsthand information and, therefore, the source is not biased but objective on the topic. This source is 90% more reliable than the other sources in the bibliography. The source has proved that both vegetarian and non-vegetarian foods have negative impacts on the environment. In comparison, livestock production causes a higher level of toxins emission than crop production. Therefore, being a vegetarian is friendlier to the environment than meat diets. Pimentel, David, and Marcia Pimentel. Sustainability of Meat-Based and Plant-Based Diets and the Environment. The American Journal of Clinical Nutrition 78.3 (2003): 660S-663S. Pimentel and Marcia (660) analyze sustainability of crop-based diet and neat-based diet in the United States of America. Four billion people primarily rely on crop products, while only two billion people predominantly rely on meat-based diet. The American food production system relies heavily on fossils. The country uses about 17% of fossils in food production. The level of fossil energy is high and thus, it has proved that production of food in the U.S. is not sustainable. The report analyzes the proportion of land and other resources used in the production of plant-based and meat-based diets. Just in Marlo et al., Pimentel and Marcia (668) state that meat-based diets require more inputs to produce and results in more wastes as compared to human and plant-based diets. Nine million livestock are consumed annually in the U.S. (Pimentel and Marcia, 661). Such quantity of livestock is not enough to feed the American, since it exceeds the human population by approximately five times. The report is useful in current study due to its analyses of sustainability of both vegetarian and non-vegetarian food production. The analysis forms a basis to the study by providing reliable data on energy usage and the level of energy consumption by the two types of diets. The main fossil energy required for crop production includes: pesticides fuel, machinery and irrigation. Input requirements are different depending on the type of crop. The amount of fossil energy required to produce animal products proved to be higher than fossil energy used to produce crops. The data in this report is reliable, since the research used food product with the same calories for both plant-based and meat-based diets. By reflecting on present report, I discovered that in the U.S.A., the biggest number of people consume plant-based diet. Both plant-based and meat-based diet in the U.S. is not sustainable. Even with a fewer number of people consuming meat than those who consume plants the meat-diet cannot sustain the required meat demand. Meat-diet requires more fossil energy to produce as compared to plant-diet. Fossil energy is not renewable and thus, its exhaustion poses a great danger to the environment and to the economic development in general. The resource is helpful to this study as it provides a guideline that creates awareness on sustainability of vegetarian type of diet and the environment, as well. Leitzmann, Claus. Nutrition Ecology: The Contribution of Vegetarian Diets. The American Journal of Clinical Nutrition 78.3 (2003): 657S-659S. Leitzmann argues that the human demand for certain diets determines the welfare of the environment. In return, the environment affects the quality of food produced. Nutrition ecology is the whole process of food chain production that includes harvesting, storage, processing, transportation, trade, packaging, supply and disposal of the waste products. The rise of industrialization and mass production of crop and animal products has resulted in environmental pollution. Studies show that vegetarian diets are suitable in safe-guarding the environment by decreasing the amount of pollution released and stabilizing global climatic changes. Maintenance of the health benefits of vegetarian is paramount and due to its positive relationship with the environment, its status will also improve. Sustainable production of vegetarian diets can be achieved by adopting organic farming and producing food regionally rather than relying on imports. The new type of production ensures that food produced is economically achievable, sufficiently practiced, socially accepted and relatively sustainable (658). Leitzmann analyzes effects of vegetarians diet on the environment by using the dimension of nutrition ecology. His point of view is that the human demand for food affects what the environment will produce. If people demand more meat than food crops then more meat will be produced and less food crop. Nutrition ecology has various disciplines that are interrelated. A number of studies stresses that people should increase consumption of plant-diet and reduce the amount of meat-diet consumed. The content of the journal is useful in present research, since it gives an explanation of how the food chain process starting from production to consumption affects the environment. The study is reliable in researching the topic, since it provides well-guided information on various aspects of the nutrition ecology and how they influence the environment. The journal is not biased in its results; it represents the effects of the whole nutrition ecology on the environment. I agree with the author that the best way to reduce waste produce is to consume food from the farm, while it is fresh and avoid processed food. Industrial processes of both plant-based and meat-based food manufacturing contribute to water, air and soil pollution. However, as compared to other sources in the bibliography, current source is not clear enough on how organic farming and use of unprocessed food can be sustainable. Fox, Nick, and Katie Ward. Health, Ethics and Environment: A Qualitative Study of Vegetarian Motivations. Appetite 50.2 (2008): 422-429. The researchers carried out the study with the aim to determine the motivation behind vegetarianism. To do this, the researcher interviewed 33 participants through an online discussion. The study looked at three main motivations: environment, health and ethics. The research was conducted in U.S., UK and Canada. The results showed that ethical treatment of animals and good health are the main motivators of being a vegetarian. A range of participants also reported that the interest of keeping the environment safe was their main motivation. Researches on motivation behind being a vegetarian have found a range of religious reasons of not eating meat. For instance, the seventh day and Buddhism religion believe more in being vegetarian. Some of the vegetarians avoid meat to stay in good health and lose weight. On the other hand, ethical vegetarians avoid meat since they consider it as unethical and immoral to kill animals for a meal. However, data collected showed that a vegetarian chose t o avoid meat for health concerns (425). The goal of this article coincides with the requirements of the research paper by providing reliable information on motivation to become a vegetarian. The article has based its argument on the results obtained from the primary source that is: obtaining first-hand information by conducting a survey on vegetarians from three different countries. Initial motivation of adopting a vegetarian lifestyle is to achieve the desired health status. The article provides clear evidence that there are various aspects that drive vegetarians choice of avoiding meat. There are also other reasons such as ethical issues, religion and environmental concerns. The study shapes the argument of the paper by providing various aspects that lead people to choosing a curtain type of diet and outlining its overall effects on the environment. Tuffrey Laurie. â€Å"Can Becoming a Vegetarian Help Save the Planet?† Ecologist. 2012. Despite the increased concern about environmental impact of meat-based diet, meat consumption has increased by around 20% (Tuffrey 13). Information obtained from the United Nations Food and Agriculture Organization shows that meat production requires a lot of energy and inputs as compared to production of plant-based diets. Animal welfare is the primary motivator of choosing to be a vegetarian. According to Tuffrey (14), environmental concern ranks second among other reasons that make people choose meat-free meals. The magazine states that most people choose to become vegetarians due to an ethical issue. The study suggests five ways that can help save the environment. People should focus on eating more pulses, lower meat consumption, choose fish, since it considered to be more sustainable than any other source of meat. People should choose to buy food from farms rather than from the supermarket so that to have access to fresh fruits and vegetables. People should also choose seasonal food and consume it when it is in plenty. Present article proves to be very useful for the research, since it provides an explanation on how to sustain the environment. Environment can be maintained by choosing to consume more plant-based diet and reduce meat consumption. The goal of the paper is to make the audience aware of the fact that both plant and meat diets are essential for good health. Therefore, we should use method of keeping the environment safe by reducing meat consumption. Excessive meat consumption leads to land pollution and excessive usage of fossil energy. By reflecting on this article, I discovered that consumption of meat products has increased despite the ongoing campaigns on reducing meat consumption. Meat production and the decision to rely on meat products for food are not sustainable and lead to environmental pollution. Iacobbo, Karen, and Michael Iacobbo. Vegetarians and Vegans in America Today. Greenwood Publishing Group, 2006. Meat production contributes to pollution of the environment through waste products released in the water, manure and fertilizer. Meat production also contributes to air pollution through ammonia produced, hydrogen, dust and manure odor. It is also a major contributor of top soil erosion and disruptor of ecology. Iacobbo and Michael state that any food obtained from animals distresses the environment even if that animal is a bee (94). The book provides a clear indication on how being vegetarian helps the environment, as well as outlines negative impacts of animal production on the environment. Just like in the other sources (Fox and Katie, and Leitzmann), the source is not biased, but it looks at both the advantages and disadvantages of choosing a vegetarian diet and thus, it is found to be suitable in current study. The book provides an analysis of both plant-based and meat-based diet. Not all vegetarians associate environment problems with meat production. Animal right is another aspect that has contributed to the choice of becoming a vegetarian. Metz, Martina, and Ingrid Hoffmann. Effects of Vegetarian Nutrition–A Nutrition Ecological Perspective. Nutrients 2.5 (2010): 496-504. Nutrition is a multidimensional aspect affected by interrelated disciplines. Metz (496) has provided an analysis of how shift in diet has contributed to global environmental changes. Changes in living styles and evolution in industrial production cause pollution leading to environmental problems. Therefore, meat-based diet is not solely responsible for such problems. The four disciplines of the ecological nutrition are the society, the environment, health and the economy. To be in good health, one requires eating fresh food. The health of citizens heavily determines sustainability of economic growth. Both the environment and the society are responsible for each other. A poor environment cannot produce quality food to the society; likewise, if the society does not take care of the environment then it cannot provide the society with goods of expected quality (498). Baroni, Luciana, L. Cenci, Massimo Tettamanti, and Marina Berati. Evaluating the Environmental Impact of Various Dietary Patterns Combined with Different Food Production systems. European Journal of Clinical Nutrition 61.2 (2007): 279-286. Italian scientists Baroni et al. (2007) dedicated their article to practical research on how various types of diet (omnivore, vegetarian and vegan) affect the environment. Aside from these obvious criteria, the scholars have also introduced the notions of conventional agriculture as opposed to organic farming. The essence of the research lies in a three-week-long examination process over the pre-designed dietary samples. In my opinion, the paper has its obvious advantages to present research as it uses a good and solid methodology base, a well-designed research scenario and usage of effective software called Sima Pro-5 (p.280). The technique of evaluating how the dietary choices influence the environment is called Life Cycle Assessment (LCA). European farms are capable of growing enough fruit and vegetables for the whole EU citizens (including the unregistered immigrants), but cannot provide the land area for breeding cattle and other domestic animals. In order to do both, the farmers must use chemicals and synthesized fodder for their animals. It proves that a meat-eating diet is automatically and inevitably becomes a non-organic eating pattern that includes all types of chemical ingredients unidentifiable for a common consumer Baroni et al. (280). Current research has proved that production of meat-based diet is not sustainable and it requires a lot of non-renewable resources. Production of meat requires a lot of fossil energy, while plant-based diet requires only a little of it. Vegetarian diet is sustainable and friendlier to the environment as compared to meat-based diet. Analysis of the above sources proves that the meat industry influences ecosystem very much and it would be a real step forward to increase awareness on the importance of adopting a vegetarian diet.